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Lesson 8Linear Functions

Let’s investigate linear functions.

Learning Targets:

  • I can determine whether a function is increasing or decreasing based on whether its rate of change is positive or negative.
  • I can explain in my own words how the graph of a linear function relates to its rate of change and initial value.

8.1 Bigger and Smaller

Diego said that these graphs are ordered from smallest to largest. Mai said they are ordered from largest to smallest. But these are graphs, not numbers! What do you think Diego and Mai are thinking?

Three graphs of a line in the coordinate plane. On the first graph, the line begins in Quadrant 2, high above the horizontal axis. It moves downward and to the right, crosses the vertical axis, continues moving downward, crosses the horizontal axis, ending in Quadrant 4, far below the horizontal axis. On the second graph, the line begins in Quadrant 2, above the horizontal axis. It moves horizontally and to the right, passes through the y-axis, and continues into Quadrant One. One the third graph, the line begins in Quadrant 3, far below the horizontal axis. It moves upward and to the right, crosses the vertical axis, continues moving upward, crosses the horizontal axis, ending in Quadrant 1, high above the horizontal axis.

8.2 Proportional Relationships Define Linear Functions

  1. Jada earns $7 per hour mowing her neighbors’ lawns.
    1. Name the two quantities in this situation that are in a functional relationship. Which did you choose to be the independent variable? What is the variable that depends on it?
    2. Write an equation that represents the function.
    3. Here is a graph of the function. Label the axes. Label at least two points with input-output pairs.
      The graph of a line in coordinate plane. The horizontal and vertical axes are not labeled. The line begins at the origin, and moves steadily upward and to the right.
  2. To convert feet to yards, you multiply the number of feet by \frac13 .
    1. Name the two quantities in this situation that are in a functional relationship. Which did you choose to be the independent variable? What is the variable that depends on it?
    2. Write an equation that represents the function.
    3. Draw the graph of the function. Label at least two points with input-output pairs.
      A blank coordinate plane.

8.3 Is it Filling Up or Draining Out?

There are four tanks of water. The amount of water in gallons,  A , in Tank A is given by the function A = 200 + 8t , where t is in minutes. The amount of water in gallons, B , in Tank B starts at 400 gallons and is decreasing at 5 gallons per minute. These functions work when t \geq 0 and t \leq 80 .

  1. Which tank started out with more water?
  2. Write an equation representing the relationship between B and t .
  3. One tank is filling up. The other is draining out. Which is which? How can you tell?
  4. The amount of water in gallons, C , in Tank C is given by the function C = 800 - 7t . Is it filling up or draining out? Can you tell just by looking at the equation?
  5. The graph of the function for the amount of water in gallons, D , in Tank D at time t is shown. Is it filling up or draining out? How do you know?
    A graph of a line in the t D coordinate plane. The line begins on the vertical D axis and high above the origin. It moves steadily downward and to the right, ending on the horizontal t axis.

Are you ready for more?

  • Pick a tank that was draining out. How long did it take for that tank to drain? What percent full was the tank when 30% of that time had elapsed? When 70% of the time had elapsed?
  • What point in the plane is 30% of the way from (0,15) to (5,0) ? 70% of the way?
  • What point in the plane is 30% of the way from (3,5) to (8,6) ? 70% of the way?

8.4 Which is Growing Faster?

Noah is depositing money in his account every week to save money. The graph shows the amount he has saved as a function of time since he opened his account.

Elena opened an account the same day as Noah. The amount of money E in her account is given by the function E=8w+60 , where w is the number of weeks since the account was opened.

A graph titled "Noah's account" has eight points plotted in the coordinate plane with the origin labeled “O”. The horizontal axis is labeled “weeks since opening account” and the numbers 0 through 12, in increments of 2, are indicated. The vertical axis is labeled “amount in the account” and the numbers 0 through 140, in increments of 20, are indicated. The points have the following coordinates: 0 comma 60; 2 comma 70; 4 comma 80; 6 comma 90; 8 comma 100; 10 comma 110; 12 comma 120; and 14 comma 130.
  1. Who started out with more money in their account? Explain how you know.
  2. Who is saving money at a faster rate? Explain how you know.
  3. How much will Noah save over the course of a year if he does not make any withdrawals? How long will it take Elena to save that much?

Lesson 8 Summary

Suppose a car is traveling at 30 miles per hour. The relationship between the time in hours and the distance in miles is a proportional relationship. We can represent this relationship with an equation of the form d = 30t , where distance is a function of time (since each input of time has exactly one output of distance). Or we could write the equation t = \frac{1}{30} d instead, where time is a function of distance (since each input of distance has exactly one output of time).

More generally, if we represent a linear function with an equation like y = mx + b , then b is the initial value (which is 0 for proportional relationships), and m is the rate of change of the function. If m is positive, the function is increasing. If m is negative, the function is decreasing. If we represent a linear function in a different way, say with a graph, we can use what we know about graphs of lines to find the m and b values and, if needed, write an equation.

Lesson 8 Practice Problems

  1. Two cars drive on the same highway in the same direction. The graphs show the distance, d , of each one as a function of time, t . Which car drives faster? Explain how you know.

    a graph showing the Car A and Car B's time and distance travelled

  2. Two car services offer to pick you up and take you to your destination. Service A charges 40 cents to pick you up and 30 cents for each mile of your trip. Service B charges $1.10 to pick you up and charges c cents for each mile of your trip.

    Functions M and L showing the relationship between the number of miles driven and cost in dollars
    1. Match the services to the Lines \ell and m .
    2. For Service B, is the additional charge per mile greater or less than 30 cents per mile of the trip? Explain your reasoning.

  3. Kiran and Clare like to race each other home from school. They run at the same speed, but Kiran's house is slightly closer to school than Clare's house. On a graph, their distance from their homes in meters is a function of the time from when they begin the race in seconds.

    1. As you read the graphs left to right, would the lines go up or down?
    2. What is different about the lines representing Kiran's run and Clare's run?
    3. What is the same about the lines representing Kiran's run and Clare's run?

  4. Write an equation for each line.

    a plane with different linear functions graphed